Reativação da BCG após vacina contra COVID-19: relato de caso / BCG reactivation after COVID-19 vaccine: case report

A reativação da BCG pode ocorrer em diversos contextos: associada a quadros infecciosos, imunossupressão, autoimunidade e pós-vacinações. Além disso, especialmente em crianças abaixo de 5 anos de idade, deve ser valorizada como um achando presente em cerca de 50% dos casos de Doença de Kawasaki. Neste artigo, relatamos o primeiro caso publicado na literatura de uma paciente adulta jovem, a qual manifestou uma reativação de BCG após receber a primeira dose de vacina contra COVID-19 (AztraZeneca/Oxford/Biomanguinhos). Dentro das primeiras 24h após a administração da vacina, a paciente desenvolveu febre alta, sudorese, dor local, mialgia difusa e cefaleia. Após dois dias, iniciou eritema e enduração no local da cicatriz da vacina BCG. Ela tem como comorbidade a urticária crônica espontânea, porém estava assintomática sem crises há mais de 1 ano. Tem como antecedente familiar relevante o óbito materno por síndrome complexa de sobreposição de autoimunidade (lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, síndrome de Sjögren e síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide). Após ser medicada com anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINE) e corticoterapia tópica de moderada potência por 3 dias, houve resolução completa da reativação da BCG. A paciente, após 3 meses, recebeu a segunda dose da vacina e não manifestou nenhum sintoma. Acredita-se que a reativação da BCG ocorra devido a um mecanismo de reação cruzada entre HSP do indivíduo, elicitadas como mediadores da imunidade inata frente à inflamação vacinal, com alguns epítopos do M. bovis. Recomendase que seja investigada alguma condição imunossupressora ou autoimune nos pacientes que manifestem reativação da BCG, principalmente em adultos, na qual a doença de Kawasaki é bastante rara. As vacinas, incluindo as contra COVID-19, também podem desencadear o surgimento deste fenômeno imunológico ainda pouco compreendido.

BCG reactivation can occur in different contexts: associated with infectious conditions, immunosuppression, autoimmunity and post-vaccinations. Also, especially in children below of 5 years of age, should be valued as a finding present in about 50% of cases of Kawasaki disease. In this article, we report the first case published in the literature of a young adult patient, who manifested a reactivation of BCG after receiving the first dose of vaccine against COVID-19 (AztraZeneca/Oxford/Biomanguinhos). Within the first 24 hours after the administration of the vaccine, the patient developed high fever, sweating, local pain, diffuse myalgia and headache. After 2 days, erythema and induration at the site of the BCG vaccine scar began. she has how comorbidity to chronic spontaneous urticaria, but she was asymptomatic without crises for more than 1 year. The relevant family history is maternal death due to the complex syndrome of autoimmunity overlap (systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögrens syndrome, and anti-phospholipid antibody). After being medicated with NSAID and moderate topical corticosteroid therapy potency for 3 days, there was complete resolution of BCG reactivation. The patient, after 3 months, received the 2nd dose of the vaccine and had no symptoms. It is believed that the reactivation of BCG occurs due to a cross-reaction mechanism between the individuals HSP, elicited as mediators of innate immunity against vaccine inflammation, with some epitopes of M. bovis. It is recommended that any immunosuppressive or autoimmune condition be investigated in patients that manifest BCG reactivation, especially in adults, in which Kawasaki disease is quite rare. Vaccines, including those against COVID-19, can also trigger of this immunological phenomenon still poorly understood.

Importance of epidemiological surveillance of leprosy: analysis of the occurrence of leprosy in intra-domiciliary contacts in a capital in the Brazilian northeast region

Abstract INTRODUCTION Intra-domiciliary contacts are a group with the highest risk of developing leprosy. METHODS A cross-sectional study of intra-domiciliary contacts of new leprosy cases was conducted. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed. RESULTS Among 190 contacts, 63% were invited to visit the health unit, and 54.2% received the BCG vaccine. The prevalence of leprosy among the contacts was 4.7%. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of leprosy among the contacts was high and similar to that found previously. There were failures in surveillance actions carried out by health units. Never-before treated cases were found.

Tuberculosis cutánea a forma de lupus vulgar causada por vacuna de bacilo Calmette-Guérin. A propósito de un caso pediátrico / Lupus vulgaris as a form of cutaneous TB caused by the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine. A pediatric case / Tuberculose cutânea sob forma de lúpus vulgar causada pela vacina de bacilo Calmette- Guérin. A propósito de um caso pediátrico

La tuberculosis cutánea es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica y poco frecuente ocasionada por Mycobacteriun tuberculosis. Existen varias formas de la infección cutánea, siendo el lupus vulgar la más frecuente y común en los países industrializados. Las variantes clínicas dependerán de la vía de llegada del bacilo a la piel, del estado inmunológico del paciente y del medio ambiente. En el lupus vulgar, además de M. tuberculosis puede estar implicado M. bovis y menos frecuentemente el bacilo de Calmette y Guérin. Esta entidad presenta una evolución crónica, es de carácter progresivo y es rara de ver en niños. Se presenta el caso de una niña en la cual se diagnosticó una forma de tuberculosis cutánea denominada lupus vulgar provocada por el bacilo de Calmette y Guérin. Caso clínico: niña de 10 años que presentaba lesiones cutáneas de diferentes características, de evolución tórpida y asintomáticas; la de mayor tamaño se localizaba en la cara externa del deltoides derecho en forma de placa eritematosa de 20 por 10 cm con bordes sobreelevados presentando en su centro micropápulas que coalescen dejando una zona de atrofia central. Esta había comenzado en etapa neonatal luego de la vacunación por el bacilo de Calmette y Guérin. Desde hacía tres años presentaba una segunda lesión más pequeña en cara externa de muslo derecho de similares características y otras de carácter múltiple en dorso con forma de micropápulas rojo vinosas. Los exámenes de valoración general fueron normales, al igual que la radiografía de tórax y de los miembros. El test de la tuberculina mostró una induración de 15 mm y las baciloscopias fueron negativas. La biopsia de la lesión de piel del deltoides mostró granulomas caseosos y las técnicas moleculares diagnosticaron Mycobacterium bovis atenuado. Con ese diagnóstico, recibió tratamiento antituberculoso por diez meses con buena tolerancia y con mejoría de las lesiones.

Cutaneous TB is a rather unusual chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacteriun tuberculosis. There are several forms of cutaneous infection, lupus vulgaris being the most frequent and ordinary one in developed countries. Clinical variations will depend on the site of infiltration of the skin by the bacillus, the patient's immune condition and the environment. In the case of lupus vulgaris, apart from Mycobacteriun tuberculosis, M. bovis may be involved, and the Bacille Calmette Guérin involvement is less frequent. The latter presents a chronic evolution, being progressive and unusual in children. The study presents the case of a girl who was diagnosed with a form of cutaneous tuberculosis called lupus vulgaris caused by the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine. Clinical case: a 10 year old girl who evidenced skin lesions of different kinds, of slow evolution and asymptomatic: the largest one was in the external part of the right deltoid muscle as an erythematous plaque of 20 by 10 cm with higher borders evidencing micro papules in the center that coalesce leaving a central atrophy zone. The latter had started in the neonatal stage after the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine. For three years she had evidenced a second smaller lesion in the outer face of the right thigh of similar characteristics and other multiple lesions in the back with the shape of vinous red micro papules. Assessment tests were generally normal, as well as the chest and limbs X-ray. The tuberculin test evidenced a 15 mm induration and smears were negative. The deltoid muscle skin lesion biopsy showed caseous granulomas and molecular techniques diagnosed attenuated Mycobacteriumbovis. Given that diagnose the patient received anti-TB treatment during 10 months, tolerance being good and the lesions improved.

A tuberculose cutânea é uma doença infecciosa crônica e pouco frequente causada pelo Mycobacteriun tuberculosis. Existem várias formas de infecção cutânea, sendo o lúpus vulgar a mais frequente e comum nos países industrializados. As variantes clínicas dependerão da via de entrada do bacilo à pele, do estado imunológico do paciente e do ambiente. No lúpus vulgar, além do M. tuberculosis podem estar implicados o M. bovis e mais raramente o bacilo de Calmette-Guérin. Esta entidade apresenta uma evolução crônica, é progressiva e é rara em crianças. Apresenta-se o caso de uma paciente de sexo feminino com 10 anos que foi diagnosticada com uma forma de tuberculose cutânea denominada lúpus vulgar provocada pelo bacilo de Calmette-Guérin. Caso clínico: paciente de sexo feminino com 10 anos que apresentava lesões cutâneas de diferentes características, com evolução letárgica e assintomática; a maior lesão estava localizada na face externa do deltoide direito sob a forma de placa eritematosa de 20 x 10 cm com bordes sobrelevados apresentando no centro micropápulas que coalescem deixando una zona de atrofia central. Esta lesão começou na etapa neonatal depois da vacinação com o bacilo de Calmette-Guérin. Desde 3 anos apresentava uma segunda lesão menor na face externa da coxa direita com características similares e outras múltiplas no dorso com forma de micropápulas com coloração de manchas em vinho do Porto. Os exames de avaliação geral foram normais, bem como as radiografias de tórax e de membros. O teste da tuberculina mostrou uma induración de 15 mm e as baciloscopias foram negativas. A biopsia da lesão de pele dos deltoides mostrou granulomas caseosos e as técnicas moleculares diagnosticaram Mycobacterium bovis atenuado. Com esse diagnóstico recebeu tratamento antituberculoso por 10 meses com boa tolerância e melhoria das lesões.

Incidência de tuberculose extrapulmonar / Incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Objetivo: Analisar casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar no um Estado brasileiro e comparar com valores de países industrializados. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico descritivo, de delineamento retrospectivo e transversal na coleta de dados, com abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de consulta às bases de dados do sistema TABNET, disponibilizados pelo Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), com acesso em março de 2017. A população do estudo foi constituída pelos casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar do Estado de Minas Gerais registrados no período entre 2011 e 2016. Resultados: Foram contados 3.663 casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar no período considerado para estudo, com estabilização do número de casos no primeiro triênio ­ 715 (2011), 706 (2012) e 715 (2013). Apesar da tendência observada na primeira metade do período estudado, houve diminuição do número de casos nos 3 meses seguintes ­ 716 (2014), 663 (2015) e 148 (2016). Com a redução no número de casos na metade mais recente do período estudado, o Estado de Minas Gerais acompanhou a tendência de países desenvolvidos em relação à redução no número de casos de tuberculose. No entanto, apesar da diminuição dos casos para o acometimento extrapulmonar, esse número ainda foi elevado. Conclusão: Ainda é elevada a incidência de casos de tuberculose extrapulmonar, mesmo com a implementação da vacina BCG. Faz-se necessária a realização de pesquisas, a fim de melhor esclarecer a questão, além de comparar também os casos de manifestação pulmonar no Estado. (AU)

Objective: To analyze cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a Brazilian state, and to compare it with values from industrialized countries. Methods: This is a descriptive epidemiological study, with a retrospective and cross-sectional design in data collection, with a quantitative approach. Data were obtained by consulting the databases of the TABNET system, made available by the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), with access in March 2017. The study population consisted of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the state of Minas Gerais, recorded in the period between 2011 and 2016. Results: A total of 2,979 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were counted in the study period, with stabilization in the number of cases in the first triennium - 715 (2011), 706 (2012), and 715 (2013). Despite the trend observed in the first half of the study period, there was a decrease in the number of cases in the following three months - 716 (2014), 663 (2015) and 148 (2016). With the reduction in the number of cases for the most recent half of the studied period, the state of Minas Gerais followed the tendency of developed countries in relation to the reduction in the number of cases of tuberculosis. However, despite the decrease in cases of extrapulmonary involvement, this number was still high. Conclusion: There is still a high incidence of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, even with the implementation of the BCG vaccine. IMore research is required to better clarify this issue, and to compare cases of pulmonary manifestation in the state. (AU)

Prevalence and risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection among primary health care workers in Brazil / Prevalência de infecção latente da tuberculose e fatores de risco entre profissionais de saúde na atenção primária no Brasil / Prevalencia de infección latente de la tuberculosis y factores de riesgo entre profesionales de salud en la atención primaria en Brasil

Health care workers (HCW) are at increased risk of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from occupational exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for LTBI among primary HCW in five Brazilian cities. We conducted a cross-sectional study, from 2011 to 2013, among primary HCW, using a structured questionnaire and an evaluated for LTBI using the Quantiferon-TB Gold in-tube test. The magnitude of the associations was assessed using hierarchical logistic regression models. Among 708 HCW, the LTBI prevalence was 27% (n = 196; 95%CI: 24%-31%). We found that the following factors were positively associated with LTBI in primary HCW: age > 50 years (OR = 2.94; 95%CI: 1.44-5.99), absence of a BCG scar (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.28-3.43), self-reported ex-smoker status (OR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.04-3.11), being a nurse (OR = 2.97; 95%CI: 1.13-7.83), being a nurse technician (OR = 3.10; 95%CI: 1.26-7.60), being a community health agent (OR = 2.60; 95%CI: 1.06-6.40), and irregular use of N95 masks (OR = 2.51; 95%CI: 1.11-5.98). In contrast, HCWs who do not work in health care facilities with a TB control program were less likely to have LTBI (OR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.45-0.97). This study demonstrated a substantial occupational risk of LTBI among primary HCW in Brazil. The Brazilian TB control program, as well as local programs, need to target these high-risk HCW with education, as well as with better personal protective equipment to prevent acquisition of new TB infection.

Os profissionais de saúde apresentam risco aumentado de infecção latente da tuberculose (ILTB) em função da exposição ocupacional ao Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência da ILTB e fatores de risco entre profissionais de saúde na atenção primária em cinco cidades brasileiras. Realizamos um estudo transversal entre 2011 e 2013 entre profissionais de saúde na atenção primária, usando um questionário estruturado, e avaliamos a ILTB com o teste Quantiferon-TB Gold In-Tube. A magnitude das associações foi avaliada com o uso de modelos de regressão logística hierárquica. Entre 708 profissionais de saúde, a prevalência de ILTB era 27% (n = 196; IC95%: 24%-31%). Os seguintes fatores mostraram associação positiva com ILTB entre profissionais de saúde na atenção primária: idade > 50 anos (OR = 2,94; IC95%: 1,44-5,99), ausência de cicatriz de BCG (OR = 2,10; IC95%: 1,28-3,43), ex-tabagista (OR = 1,80; IC95%: 1,04-3,11), profissão enfermeiro (OR = 2,97; IC95%: 1,13-7,83), profissão técnico de enfermagem (OR = 3,10; IC95%: 1,26-7,60), profissão agente comunitário de saúde (OR = 2,60; IC95%: 1,06-6,40) e uso irregular de máscaras N95 (OR = 2,51; IC95%: 1,11-5,98). Enquanto isso, os profissionais de saúde que não trabalham em serviços de saúde que dispõem de programa de controle da TB tem menor probabilidade de apresentar ILTB (OR = 0,66; IC95%: 0,45-0,97). O estudo demonstrou risco ocupacional substancial de ILTB entre profissionais de saúde na atenção primária no Brasil. O programa brasileiro de controle da tuberculose, assim como os programas locais, devem focar esses profissionais de saúde, de risco elevado, através de atividades educativas, assim como, equipamento de proteção individual melhor para prevenir a aquisição de novos casos de infecção pela tuberculose.

Los profesionales de salud presentan un riesgo aumentado de infección latente de la tuberculosis (ILTB), en función de la exposición ocupacional al Mycobacterium tuberculosis. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de la ILTB y sus factores de riesgo entre profesionales de salud en la atención primaria en cinco ciudades brasileñas. Realizamos un estudio transversal entre 2011 y 2013 entre profesionales de salud en la atención primaria, usando un cuestionario estructurado, y evaluamos la ILTB con el test Quantiferon-TB Gold In-Tube. La magnitud de las asociaciones fue evaluada con el uso de modelos de regresión logística jerárquica. Entre 708 profesionales de salud, la prevalencia de ILTB era 27% (n = 196; IC95%: 24%-31%). Los siguientes factores mostraron una asociación positiva con ILTB entre profesionales de salud en la atención primaria: edad > 50 años (OR = 2,94; IC95%: 1,44-5,99), ausencia de cicatriz de BCG (OR = 2,10; IC95%: 1,28-3,43), ex-fumador (OR = 1,80; IC95%: 1,04-3,11), profesión enfermero (OR = 2,97; IC95%: 1,13-7,83), profesión técnico de enfermería (OR = 3,10; IC95%: 1,26-7,60), profesión agente comunitario de salud (OR = 2,60; IC95%: 1,06-6,40) y uso irregular de máscaras N95 (OR = 2,51; IC95%: 1,11-5,98). Por otra parte, los profesionales de salud que no trabajan en servicios de salud que disponen de programa de control de la TB tienen una menor probabilidad de presentar ILTB (OR = 0,66; IC95%: 0,45-0,97). El estudio demostró riesgo ocupacional substancial de ILTB entre profesionales de salud en la atención primaria en Brasil. El programa brasileño de control de la tuberculosis, así como los programas locales, deben centrarse en esos profesionales de salud, de riesgo elevado, a través de actividades educativas, así como un mejor equipamiento de protección individual para prevenir el surgimiento de nuevos casos de infección por tuberculosis.

Testes sorológicos específicos para mycobacterium leprae: implicações para a vigilância epidemiológica de casos de hanseníase e contatos domiciliares

O desenvolvimento de ferramentas eficazes como testes rápidos para detecção precoce da infecção pelo Mycobacterium leprae, previsão da progressão da hanseníase e identificação da doença nos estágios iniciais tem sido considerado prioridade de pesquisa e pode contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento oportuno. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a resposta a testes sorológicos específicos para o Mycobacterium lepra e - Disacarídeo Natural Ligado a Albumina de Soro Humano por meio de um Octyl (NDOHSA), Leprosy Infectious DiseaseResearch Institute Diagnostic-1 (LID-1) e Disacarídeo Natural Octyl - Leprosy InfectiousDisease Research Institute Diagnostic-1 (NDOLID) - em seguimento longitudinal de casos dehanseníase e contatos domiciliares e as suas implicações para a vigilância epidemiológica. A população estudada consistiu em casos de hanseníase diagnosticados entre 2010 e 2015 econtatos domiciliares. Foi utilizado um ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay - ELISA) para analisar a reatividade de anticorpos contra NDOHSA,LID-1 e NDOLID. As amostras e controles foram testados em duplicata e o título de anticorpo foi expresso como índice ELISA. A coleta de dados foi feita por visitas domiciliares em dois momentos (2014 e 2015) com aplicação de questionário, coleta de amostras biológicas e avaliação dermatológica de todos os contatos domiciliares. Os casos em tratamento, apresentaram maiores valores de índice ELISA e proporções de soropositividade para os três antígenos. Observou-se também maior redução dos valores de índice ELISA a medida que aumenta o tempo decorrido desde o início do tratamento...

The development of effective applications such as rapid tests for early detection ofMycobacterium leprae infection, prediction of leprosy progress and identification of thedisease in the early stages has been considered a research priority and may contribute to priordiagnosis and timely treatment. The objective of the study was to analyze a response tospecific serological tests for Mycobacterium leprae - Natural Disodium-Binding Linked toHuman Serum Albumin by means of an Octyl (NDOHSA), Leprosy Diagnostic-1 DiseaseResearch Institute (LID-1) and Natural Disaccharide Octyl - Research Institute for InfectiousDiseases of Leprosy Diagnosis-1 (NDOLID) - in a longitudinal follow-up leprosy cases andhousehold contacts and their implications for epidemiological surveillance. The studiedpopulation consisted of leprosy diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 and household contacts.The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to analyse the reactivity ofantibodies against NDOHSA, LID-1 and NDOLID. Samples and controls are tested induplicate and antibody titer is expressed as an ELISA index. The data collection wasperformed by home visits in two moments (2014 and 2015) with application of questionnaire,collection of biological samples and evaluation of all household contacts. The cases undertreatment presented higher indexes ELISA and proportions of seropositivity for the threeantigens. There was also a greater reduction in ELISA index values as the time elapsed fromthe start of treatment increased...

Risk-benefit assessment of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination, anti-phenolic glycolipid I serology, and Mitsuda test response: 10-year follow-up of household contacts of leprosy patients

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Despite multidrug therapy, leprosy remains a public health issue. The intradermal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Mitsuda test (lepromin skin test), and anti-phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) serology are widely used in leprosy studies and have shown great epidemiological value. METHODS: This longitudinal study evaluated the relative risks and benefits of these three tools by comparing results observed in household contacts (HHCs) of leprosy patients who developed leprosy with those of HHCs who did not in a population of 2,992 individuals monitored during a 10-year period. RESULTS : Seventy-five (2.5%) new leprosy cases were diagnosed, including 28 (0.9%) co-prevalent cases. Therefore, for the risk-benefit assessment, 47 (1.6%) HHCs were considered as truly diagnosed during follow-up. The comparison between healthy and affected contacts demonstrated that not only did BCG vaccination increase protection, but boosters also increased to 95% relative risk (RR) reduction when results for having two or more scars were compared with having no scars [RR, 0.0459; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.006-0.338]. Similarly, Mitsuda reactions >7mm in induration presented 7-fold greater protection against disease development compared to reactions of 0-3mm (RR, 0.1446; 95% CI, 0.0566-0.3696). In contrast, anti-PGL-I ELISA seropositivity indicated a 5-fold RR increase for disease outcome (RR, 5.688; 95% CI, 3.2412-9.9824). The combined effect of no BCG scars, Mitsuda reaction of <7mm, and seropositivity to anti-PGL-I increased the risk for leprosy onset 8-fold (RR, 8.109; 95% CI, 5.1167-12.8511). CONCLUSIONS: The adoption of these combined assays may impose measures for leprosy control strategies.

Histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis before and after different treatments* / Aspectos histopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana antes e depois de diferentes tratamentos

The histopathology and immune responses of the healing process of leishmaniasis are still poorly studied. This study aimed to examine the histopathological and immunological aspects of lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis before and after different therapeutic methods. We studied 23 individuals grouped according to the treatments: Glucantime, Glucantime + Leishvacin and Glucantime + Leishvacin associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. For analysis of the histopathological changes present in the dermis and epidermis, histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The samples were immunostained before and after treatment to analyze the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL) 12, IL-10 and IL-4. Before treatment the presence of intense infiltrates of mononuclear cells was noticed and after treatment, even with a diagnosis of clinical cure, the subjects still showed a moderate inflammatory process. In the immunohistochemical analyses, we noticed a difference between the cytokines, with increased expression of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12 compared to IL 10 and IL-4, both before and after treatment and, comparatively, the difference in this expression was more intense before treatment. However, the cytokine expression analyzed by treatment group showed no statistically significant difference. We conclude that a clinical cure does not always coincide with the histopathological ...

A histopatologia e as respostas imunológicas do processo de cura da leishmaniose são ainda pouco estudadas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos histopatológicos e imunológicos das lesões de pacientes com leishmaniose tegumentar, antes e após diferentes métodos terapêuticos. Foram estudados 23 indivíduos agrupados de acordo com os tratamentos: Glucantime, Glucantime + Leishvacin e Glucantime + Leishvacin associado com Bacilo Calmette-Guerin. Para a análise das alterações histopatológicas presentes na derme e epiderme, cortes histológicos foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina. Para avaliar a expressão de interferon (IFN)-γ, interleucina (IL) 12, IL-10 e IL-4 foi utilizada a técnica de imuno-histoquímica antes e após o tratamento. Antes do tratamento houve um intenso infiltrado de células mononucleares, após o tratamento, mesmo com um diagnóstico de cura clínica, apresentou-se ainda um moderado processo inflamatório. Na análise imuno-histoquímica, notamos uma diferença entre as citocinas, com expressão aumentada de citocinas IFN-γ e IL-12 em comparação com IL-10 e IL-4 tanto antes quanto depois do tratamento, e comparativamente, a diferença nesta expressão mostrou-se mais intensa antes do tratamento. No entanto, a expressão das citocinas analisadas por grupo de tratamento não mostraram diferenças ...

Immunological correlates of cure in the first American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis patient treated by immunotherapy in Argentina: A case report. / Correlatos inmunológicos de curación en el primer paciente con Leishmaniasis Cutánea Americana tratado con inmunoterapia en Argentina: Reporte de un caso

A patient with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection was treated with an antigen containing heat-killed L. (L.) amazonensis promastigotes plus BCG. Expression of T-cell differentiation, memory and senescence receptors markers were analyzed on T cell subpopulations, in order to establish the correlation between the percentages of expression of these receptors and his clinical status, at different stages of his follow up. The following case reports on the achievement of a successful clinical outcome with complete resolution after receiving immunotherapy. A thorough clinical and immunological follow up supporting the healing process of this patient's lesion is presented in detail.

Un paciente con leishmaniasis cutánea localizada producida por Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis fue tratado con un antígeno compuesto por promastigotes de L. (L.) amazonensis muertos por calor combinado con BCG. Se analizó la expresión de distintos receptores de diferenciación, de memoria y de senescencia en las subpoblaciones de células T, con el fin de establecer una relación entre los porcentajes de expresión de dichos receptores y la clínica del paciente en diferentes momentos del seguimiento. Se reporta en este caso un resultado exitoso, con resolución completa de la lesión después de recibir la inmunoterapia, y se presenta en detalle un seguimiento clínico e inmunológico completo durante el proceso de curación.

BCGiosis as a presenting feature of a child with chronic granulomatous disease

Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine, which is administered to all newborns in some regions, could lead to serious complication ranging from local disease (known as BCGitis) to disseminated disease (BCGosis) in a group of patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases. We are reporting here a 3.5 year-old girl with a history of prolonged BCGitis, which developed to disseminated disease without any other special features. Immunological studies with nitro-blue tetrazolium test confirmed the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease in this patient. Chronic granulomatous disease should be considered in the list of differential diagnosis in all children with BCGosis, even in the absence of any other manifestations related to immunodeficiency.

Prevalencia de tuberculosis infantil en Armenia, Colombia / Prevalence of childhood tuberculosis in Armenia, Colombia

Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de tuberculosis (TB) infantil y los factores socio-demográficos asociados a esta población en el municipio de Armenia (Colombia). Metodología Se realizó un estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo en el cual se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de TB menores de 14 años que fueron notificados al programa de TB en el municipio de Armenia y que iniciaron esquema de Tratamiento Acortado Estrictamente Supervisado (TAES) entre el 2000-2009. Resultados Se notificaron un total de 58 casos de TB, el mayor número de casos ocurrió en el 2009 (12 casos) seguido del 2008 (8 casos) y 2006 (7 casos) respectivamente, representando una elevada tasa de prevalencia (16,6 casos/100 000 habitantes). Las formas pulmonares tuvieron mayor proporción con 74 por ciento, de las cuales 34 por ciento fueron positivas a la baciloscopia (BK). El nexo epidemiológico se configuró en el 21 por ciento de los enfermos. En cuanto al egreso del programa de control de la TB el 5 por ciento de los pacientes finalizó con criterio de curado, 17 por ciento terminado, 4 por ciento transferidos, 7 por ciento fallecidos y en el 67 por ciento de los casos se desconoció el resultado del tratamiento. Conclusión La TB representa en la actualidad una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad infantil. Dada la buena cobertura de vacunación con BCG y que la mayoría de casos son pulmonares en este municipio, la alta tasa de casos de TB infantil estaría indicando fallas en la oportunidad para interrumpir transmisión reciente a partir de casos bacilíferos.

Objective To determine the childhood tuberculosis prevalence and its socio-demographics factors associated to this population in Armenia (Colombia). Methodology A retrospective-descriptive study was carried out; TB patients under the age of 14 years were included and notified to the TB control program in Armenia, those who started a Directly Observed Treatment Supervised (DOTS) scheme among from 2000 to 2009 years. Results 58 TB cases were described, most cases have occurred in 2009 (12 cases) followed by the 2008 (8 cases) and 2006 (7 cases) respectively. Thus, Armenia has a high rate of prevalence (16.6 cases/100 000 inhabitants). Pulmonary forms had greater proportion with 74 percent, of which 34 percent were positive to sputum examination revealed Acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Epidemiological link allowed confirmation of 21 percent of cases. TB treatment cohort revealed that 5 percent of patients were cured, finished 17 percent, transferred 4 percent, dead 7 percent and in 67 percent of cases the results were not documented. Conclusion Nowadays TB still an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. The good BCG vaccine covertures and the high prevalence of pulmonary forms in childhood TB indicates that the most plausible explanation for this high prevalence is a failure in early detection of bacilli positive patients to cut recent transmission in this municipality.

Meningitis tuberculosa en niños: una revisión de aspectos clínicos, de laboratorio, epidemiológicos y terapéuticos y de la utilidad de la vacunación con BCG / Tuberculous meningitis in children: a review of clinical, laboratory, epidemiological, and therapeutic aspects and of the usefulness of BCG vaccination

La tuberculosis meníngea (MTB) es la enfermedad tuberculosa extrapulmonar más frecuente en los países del tercer mundo, incluida Colombia, y tiene tasas altas de morbilidad y mortalidad. En este artículo se presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre los siguientes aspectos de la enfermedad: clínicos, epidemiológicos, de laboratorio, tomográficos, terapéuticos y de prevención con la vacuna BCG.

Tuberculous meningitis is the most frequent extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis in underdeveloped countries, among them Colombia. It is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. In this article a review is presented of the following aspects of the disease: clinical, epidemiological, therapeutic, prophylactic by means of BCG vaccination, laboratory diagnosis, and tomographic findings.

Anti-mycobacterial treatment reduces high plasma levels of CXC-chemokines detected in active tuberculosis by cytometric bead array

Chemokines recruit and activate leukocytes, assisting granuloma formation. Herein, we evaluated plasma chemokines in patients with active tuberculosis (ATB) and after completing treatment (TTB) and compared them to BCG-vaccinated healthy controls (HC). Levels of chemokines were measured by cytometric bead array. Levels of CXCL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were higher in ATB patients compared to HC, but they decreased in TTB. Levels of CCL2 and CCL5 in ATB patients were similar to those observed in HC. Thus, the high levels of CXC-chemokines detected during ATB, which can modulate the trafficking of immune cells from the periphery to the site of infection, were reversed by anti-mycobacterial treatment.

Hanseníase: o controle dos contatos no município de Londrina-PR em um período de dez anos / Lepra: el control de los contactos en el municipio de Londrina-PR en un periodo de diez años / Leprosy: control of household contacts in the municipality of Londrina-PR for a ten-year period

Estudo descritivo, com o objetivo de analisar variáveis relacionadas aos contatos de pacientes com hanseníase atendidos no município de Londrina, num período de dez anos. Os dados foram obtidos das fichas de comunicantes e do SINAN. Dentre os 1055 casos de hanseníase, foram registrados 3394 contatos, com média de 3,2. Os indivíduos mais expostos possuem até 40 anos de idade (71,5 por cento), sendo filhos/a (40,6 por cento) e esposo/a (17,8 por cento). Foram examinados 1731 (51,0 por cento) contatos, dos quais, 183 apresentavam algum sinal de hanseníase: confirmados 16 casos, descartados 47 e não concluíram a investigação 120 (65,6 por cento). A maioria dos contatos (51,6 por cento) foi exposta às formas multibacilares e 10,1 por cento comprovaram a efetivação de duas doses da BCG. Conclui-se que está havendo falhas no acompanhamento dos contatos.

The purpose of this descriptive study is to analyze variables related to leprosy patients' household contacts who received treatment in Londrina-PR-Brazil for a ten-year period. The data analysis was based on the health service's records and from a system of infectious disease. Out of 1055 leprosy's patients, it was recorded 3394 contacts with an average of 3,2. The most exposed individuals were those aged up to 40 (71,5 percent); son/daughter (40.6 percent) and husband/wife (17.8 percent). Of the1731 contacts (51.0 percent) examined, 183 showed some signs of the disease: there were 16 confirmed cases, 47 were excluded and 120 did not finish the clinical investigation. Most of the contacts (51.6 percent) were exposed to the multibacillary forms and 12.8 percent proved they were vaccinated with two doses of BCG. It is possible to conclude that the follow-up of the contacts was not adequate.

Estudio descriptivo, con el objetivo de analizar variables relacionadas a los contactos de pacientes con Lepra que son atendidos en el município de Londrina, en un período de diez años. Los datos fueron obtenidos en las fichas de los acompañantes y del SINAN (órgano del MInisterio de Salud que registra la ocurrencia de toda enfermedad transmisible). Entre los 1055 casos de hanseníase, fueron registrados 3394 contactos, con una media de 3,2. Los individuos más expuestos tienen hasta 40 años de edad (71,5 por ciento), siendo hijos/as (40,6 por ciento) y esposos/as (17,8 por ciento). Fueron examinados 1731 (51,0 por ciento) contactos, de los cuales, 183 presentaban alguna señal de la lepra: confirmados 16 casos, descartados 47 y sin concluir la investigación 120. La mayoría de los contactos (51,6 por ciento) fue expuesta a las formas multibacilares y 12,8 por ciento comprobó la administración de dos dosis de la BCG. Se concluye que está habiendo fallas en el acompañamiento de los contactos.

Tuberculosis en el personal de salud / Tuberculosis in healthcare workers

Tuberculosis (TB) is an occupational risk hazard that explains 5 to 5.361 additional cases of TB per 100.000 individuals among healthcare workers (HCW) in relation to general population in developing countries. For each clinical case a number of additional infections are occurring, that can be detected by tuberculin skin test conversion among non-BCG vaccinated HCW or by interferon-gamma testing. Risk factors for HCW infection include number of TB patients examined, job characteristics and place of work, delay in diagnostic suspicion, patients with multidrug resistant strains, limited access to appropriate ventilation systems, non-compliance with aerosol dissemination precautions, immune suppressed and/or malnourished HCW. Molecular studies suggest that only 32 to 42 percent of TB cases among HCW are related to occupational exposure. Useful measures to prevent occupational TB acquisition include a number of administrative-, infrastructure- and personal-related measures that have proven to be successful in reducing occurrence of new infections including clinical TB cases among HCW. In Chile, two official government sponsored guidelines are currently available for preventing TB infection among HCW, issued by the national TBC Control Program and by the National Nosocomial infection Control Program. Major differences in recommendations between these guidelines indicate that an update is urgently needed.

La tuberculosis (TBC) es un riesgo ocupacional que explica entre 5 y 5.361 casos por 100.000 personas en el personal de salud (PS) por sobre la población general en países en vías de desarrollo. Cada caso clínico implica que han ocurrido muchos casos de infección. Esta infección puede ser detectada por la prueba de conversión de tuberculina entre personas no vacunadas o por prueba de liberación de gama interferón. Los factores de riesgo incluyen la frecuencia de pacientes con TBC atendidos, la función y lugar de trabajo del PS, retraso en la sospecha diagnóstica, atención de pacientes con cepas multi-resistentes, sistemas de ventilación limitados, falta de aplicación de precauciones por aerosoles y PS con inmunosupresión o desnutrición. Los estudios moleculares han permitido aclarar que sólo 32 a 42 por ciento de los casos en el PS responde a adquisición ocupacional. Las medidas útiles para prevenir este riesgo incluyen un conjunto de disposiciones administrativas, de infraestructura y precauciones en el personal que han permitido reducir el riesgo de infección, y en ocasiones el de TBC clínica, en el PS. En Chile existen actualmente dos normas reguladoras sobre la materia, una del Programa Nacional de la TBC y el otro del Programa de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias, las que difieren en algunos aspectos sustantivos y que ameritan una revisión.

Análise dos eventos adversos pós-vacinais ocorridos em Teresina / Analysis of after-vacination side-effects occurred in Teresina

Este estudo trata do perfil dos eventos adversos pós-vacinais ocorridos em Teresina em 2006. Os dados foram coletados mediante a aplicação de formulário com 73 participantes em 18 Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Os resultados mostram que as vacinas que mais produziram eventos adversos foram a tetravalente, BCG e DPT. Os eventos mais freqüentes foram: febre, episódio hipotônico hiporresponsivo, irritabilidade e manifestações locais moderadas. Dentre as condutas adotadas pelos profissionais de saúde, aproximadamente 80 por cento foram adequadas. Os menores de ano foram os mais acometidos pelos eventos. Todos os eventos evoluíram para a cura. Conclui-se que a ação de vacinação ainda continua requerendo capacitação constante dos profissionais da área. Sugere-se aprofundar o conhecimento com relação ao manejo, diagnóstico, investigação e tratamento.

This study focuses the profile of the adverse events after-vaccine occurrences in Teresina in 2006. The data had been collected by means of the form application with 73 participants in 18 Basic Units of Health. The results show that the vaccines that had more produced events adverse had been tetravalente, BCG and DPT. The events most frequent had been: fever, hiporresponsivo hipotonic episode, moderate irritability and local manifestations. Amongst the behaviors adopted for the health professionals, 80 percent had been approximately adjusted. The year minors had been accomitted by the events. All the events had evolved for the cure. It was concluded that the action of vaccination still continues requiring constant qualification of the professionals of the area. It is suggested to deepen the knowledge with relation to the handling, diagnosis, inquiry and treatment.

El presente estudio trata del perfil de las ocurrencias adversas de la después-vacuna en Teresina en 2006. Los datos fueron recogidos por medio del uso un formulário a lo cual participaran 73 personas en 18 unidades básicas de salud. Los resultados demuestraran que las vacunas que tenían más ocurrencias adversas fueran la tetravalente, BCG y DPT. Las ocurrencias más frecuentes fueran: fiebre, episodio hipotônico hiporresponsivo, irritabilidad moderada y manifestaciones locales. Entre los comportamientos adoptados por los profesionales de salud, 80 por ciento fueran ajustados aproximadamente. Los menores de edad del año habían sido acometidos por los acontecimientos. Todos los acontecimientos fueran desarrollados para la cura. Se hay concluydo que la acción de la vacunación todavía continúa requiriendo la calificación constante de los profesionales de la área. Se sugiere para profundizar el conocimiento en relación a la dirección, a la diagnosis, a la investigación y al tratamiento.

The relationship between nutritional and sociodemographic factors and the likelihood of children in the Dominican Republic having a BCG scar

OBJECTIVES: To critically assess the prevalence among schoolchildren 6 to 9 years of age throughout the Dominican Republic of a bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination scar, and to examine the relationship between nutritional and sociodemographic factors and the likelihood of having a BCG scar. METHODS: This correlational study used the database of the Second National Census on Height and Weight of Elementary School First Grade Students, which was conducted in the Dominican Republic August 2001-May 2002, to provide a critical assessment of BCG coverage nationwide. The Census information for the children included the presence of BCG scar, their nutritional status, and basic demographic data. We developed a new sociodemographic indicator, the "Rosa Index," to examine the potential influence of poverty and other environmental characteristics on scar presence. We used logistic regression models to predict the presence of a BCG scar. RESULTS: An overall BCG scar prevalence of 55.3 percent (85 644/154 887) was found. Malnourished children were less likely to have a BCG scar than were children with adequate nutritional status (odds ratio = 0.91; 95 percent confidence interval: 0.87, 0.95, P < 0.05). Children who were 7-9 years old were less likely to have a BCG scar than were children 6 years old. Children in the areas of the country more than two hours' driving distance from the capital city of Santo Domingo more often exhibited lower BCG scar prevalence levels than did children in Santo Domingo. A higher Rosa Index (better level of socioeconomic characteristics) was correlated with higher BCG scar prevalence values (r = 0.54, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings indicate that BCG coverage appears to be inadequate for schoolchildren in the Dominican Republic. Nevertheless, the presence of a scar in a higher proportion of younger children suggests that coverage has improved in recent years. More programmatic and economic emphasis needs...

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar críticamente la prevalencia de cicatrices por la vacunación con el bacilo de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) en niños de 6 a 9 años de la República Dominicana y examinar la relación entre los factores nutricionales y socioeconómicos y la probabilidad de tener cicatriz de BCG. MÉTODOS: Para este estudio correlacional se empleó la base de datos del II Censo Nacional de Talla y Peso en Escolares de Primer Grado de Básica, realizado en la República Dominicana entre agosto de 2001 y mayo de 2002, para evaluar críticamente el nivel de cobertura nacional de la vacunación con BCG. Entre la información censal de los niños estaban si tenían cicatriz de BCG, su estado nutricional y sus datos demográficos básicos. Se desarrolló un nuevo indicador sociodemográfico, el "índice de Rosa", para analizar la posible influencia de la pobreza y de otras características ambientales en la presencia de esa cicatriz. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística para predecir la presencia de la cicatriz de BCG. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia general de cicatrices de BCG fue de 55,3 por ciento (85 644/ 154 887). Los niños desnutridos presentaron una menor probabilidad de tener cicatriz de BCG que los niños con un adecuado estado nutricional (razón de posibilidades = 0,91; intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento: 0,87 a 0,95; P < 0,05). Los niños de 7-9 años tuvieron menor probabilidad de tener cicatriz de BCG que los niños de 6 años. Los niños de zonas del país que se encuentran a más de dos horas de viaje de Santo Domingo, la capital, presentaron menor prevalencia de cicatrices de BCG con mayor frecuencia que los niños de Santo Domingo. Se encontró correlación entre tener un mayor índice de Rosa (mejor nivel en las características socioeconómicas) y una mayor prevalencia de cicatrices de BCG (r = 0,54; P < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados del presente estudio indican que la cobertura de vacunación de escolares con la vacuna BCG parece no ser la adecuada...